Summary

Explains how a center pivot’s flow rate and speed determine how much water it applies, and why application can cause runoff even when the total depth seems small. Clarifies the difference between the average application rate over the whole pivot circle and the much higher “instantaneous” rate under the outer spans, which can overwhelm infiltration. Provides simple ways to verify performance and gives practical guidance on setting inches per revolution to reduce runoff and wheel-track rutting while meeting crop water needs.